Compare and Contrast John Locke and Thomas Hobbes

Man: The Social Animal Brian Greaney Political Science 230 Prof. T. Mullins April 18, 2011 John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were two main political philosophers during the seventeenth century. Hobbes is largely known for his writing of the â€Å"Leviathan†, and Locke for authoring An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Included in their essays, both men discuss the purpose and structure of government, natural law, and the characteristics of man in and out of the state of nature. The two mens opinion of man vary widely. Hobbes sees man as being evil, whereas Locke views man in a much more optimistic light. While in the state of nature and under natural law, they both agree that man is equal. However, their ideas of natural law differ†¦show more content†¦Locke believed that people are willing to unite under a form of government to preserve their lives, liberty, and estate. Since natural law is already good, government not only preserves natural law, but also works to enhance it. The ideas presented by Hobbes and Locke are often in opposition. Hobbes views humanity much more pessimistically; viewing men as evil according to natural law and government a way to eliminate natural law. Locke takes a much more optimistic stance; viewing government a means to preserve the state of nature and enhance it as men are naturally peaceful and equal. Discarding the differences in ideology, their ideas were radical for their time. The interest they took in natural law, mans natural characteristics, and the role of government, provided inspiration for, and was the focus of many literary works for the future. In my opinion both philosophers provide a very convincing argument towards man in the state of nature and natural law. It all comes down to whether an individual can function without being governed, or whether he needs guidance in his everyday life. Hobbes Leviathan to me seemed the quintessential handbook for despots. That one ruler ruling over an entire nation would be rational if only the leader was fair and provided justice to his citizens if favor of the citizens. However referring to the state of nature, I believe that man has been endowed with reason which would fuel our self-preservation. In aShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes Compare And Contrast862 Words   |  4 Pages Locke vs. Hobbes Compare and Contrast Essay During and after the English Revolution (1642-1688), different philosophers acted differently towards the revolution , based on their ideas and personal experiences. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes stood out to be the most intelligent thinkers who argued in opposite ways. On the contrary they were similar in their approach for the use of reason. They both represented a trend in the 17th and 18th centuries to use reason as a final judgement. By analyzingRead MoreCompare And Contrast John Locke And Thomas Hobbes1680 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Locke and Thomas Hobbes are one of the most influential and famous philosophers who both had similar theories but had different conclusions. The two philosophers wrote a discourse â€Å"life in the state of nature† and argued about the government. They both had made important and logical contributions to modern philosophy and opened up political thoughts which have impacted our world today. During the seventeenth century the thought of political philosophy became a big topic. John Locke and ThomasRead MoreCompare and Contrast the P hilosophies of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Karl Marx843 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast the Philosophies of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Karl Marx In the idea of human nature; origin of state, the nature of government, the rights of regulation can be drawn as the reflection of insightful philosophies of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes and Karl Marx. By understanding this within the context of human nature, we can see their ideas play to how they perceive a modern philosophy. Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto illustrates the desire to build a society without economicRead MoreComparing John Locke s Views On Political Systems969 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast John Locke was a scholar who lived from 1632-1704. Locke worried about the absence of limitations on sovereign authority. As a man that was pro government for the people, he viewed politics as for the people or the people shall revolt. In stark contrast, Thomas Hobbes, who lived through much turmoil as well from 1588-1679, such as a civil war in Britain which lasted from 1642-1648 thought a sovereign leader was the only way to protect society from itself (Riemer, Simon, andRead MoreCompare and Contrast Hobbes’s and Locke’s Views of the State of Nature and the Fundamental Purpose of Political Society. Whose View Is the More Plausible? Why?1564 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and contrast Hobbes’s and Locke’s views of the state of nature and the fundamental purpose of political society. Whose view is the more plausible? Why? Introduction Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both natural law theorists and social contracts theorists. While most natural law theorists have predominantly been of the opinion that humans are social animals by nature, Locke and Hobbes had a different perspective. Their points of view were remarkably different from thoseRead MoreThe Social Contract Theories Of Thomas Hobbes And John Locke1210 Words   |  5 PagesMahogany Mills Professor: Dr. Arnold Political Philosophy 4 February 2015 Compare and contrast the social contract theories of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke In the beginning of time, there was no government to regulate man. This caused a burden on society and these hardships had to be conquered, which is when a social contract was developed. The social contract theory is a model that addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over an individualRead MoreBoth Hobbes And Locke Can Be Considered The â€Å"Founding Fathers†1685 Words   |  7 PagesBoth Hobbes and Locke can be considered the â€Å"Founding Fathers† of liberal political philosophy. Both theorists give their own accounts of human nature as well as how and what their concept of a government should look like. Hobbes and Locke also agree on most aspects of each other’s theories but also have contrasting opinions for their own notions. Hobbes’s conception of the best fitting government in which humans would be able to live freely and happily, would be that which is governed by an allRead MoreHobbes vs. Locke2028 Words   |  9 PagesAshlyn Brunk Parson POS 352 October, 2012 Exam 1: Hobbes/Locke 1. Compare and contrast Hobbes and Locke on political power? In answering this question explain Locke’s argument against Hobbes’s understanding of â€Å"paternal† and despotical power. On the discussion of power and social structure, both John Locke and Thomas Hobbes introduce their theories on paternal and despotical power in Second Treatise of Government and Leviathan respectively. Both men believe that social order is constructedRead MoreBriefly Explain What Is Meant by the â€Å"Scientific Revolution† That Took Place in Seventeenth Century Europe, and How It Marked a Departure from Ancient and Medieval Philosophy.1603 Words   |  7 PagesNewton, and others had become noted scientists.    Compare and contrast the positions expressed by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke regarding natural law and government, and discuss the influences that their works had on the development of political thought both during their own time and later? The two main political philosophers during the seventeenth century were Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Hobbes is the well-known author of â€Å"Leviathan,† and Locke is the author of â€Å"An Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingRead MoreThe Monarchy And A Dictatorship Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pagesdown to the next generation in the royal family when the original monarch dies. A dictatorship is ruled by a person who usurped power and stayed that way by altering the rules, they are very powerful and get to where they are by brute force. Compare/contrast a direct democracy with an indirect democracy. A direct democracy is a form of democracy where all people decide directly on policy initiatives. An indirect democracy is a form of governance in which the citizens rule through representatives

Marijuana And Its Effects On Marijuana - 1216 Words

Sonita Sao Professor Andrea Biology 101 Marijuana and Its Effects Marijuana is a type of medication produced by using the dried blossoms and leaves of the hemp plant. There is a large debate in the United States of America on whether marijuana should be legalized; Marijuana is the most used illegal drug in the USA (Klein, 2005). Marijuana is useful as it has been utilized and made legitimate in part of a few states despite the fact that there are numerous critics of these recent activities. The uses of Marijuana have been scientifically supported to help relieve nausea glaucoma, wasting in virtually unlimited aliments, pain, menstrual cramps, AIDS, and depression. On the other hand, there are adverse effects that Marijuana can have on individuals, for example, direct impacts to the cerebrum, diminished capacity to learn and hold data; furthermore it may create uneasiness, fear, doubt, or anger. There is a particular artificial chemical that upgrades the capacity to stimulate the mind when inhaling causing a human to feel high. The main substance in marijuana contains THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), which is a mind-altering ingredient found in the cannabis plant. Tetrahydrocannabinol is the chemical responsible for most of marijuana’s psychological effects. THC changes behavior by binding together like a lock and key to receptors on nerve cells, which then respond with a change in activity (Cox, 2012). THC stimulate cells in the brain to quickly release dopamine, makingShow MoreRelatedEffect of Marijuana3829 Words   |  16 Pagesof marijuana, whether excessive or not, has different effects to the health of individuals that eventually affects the community as a whole† I. INTRODUCTION a. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY i. Definition ii. History 1. Laws of bills II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION b. Interpretation of collected data iii. Reception of people towards marijuana 2. Positive perspective 3. Negative perspective 4. Effects of marijuana Read MoreEffects Of Marijuana On The Medical Side Of Marijuana1856 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout the years the medical side of marijuana has been a big controversy. Recent studies and research show a promising outlook on the uses of medicinal cannabis. Cannabis oil is a new recent cultivating development and has many uses that shed positivity. The outlook is popular and promising, so what does that say about our future? There are many benefits when it comes to the medical use of cannabis. The main known form is cannabis oil. This is the oil that is extracted using a solvent from theRead MoreMarijuana: Cause and Effect1064 Words   |  5 PagesStephen Tracey Professor Curran English 101 10 November 2011 Marijuana: Cause and Effect Today in America, millions of American citizens are both confused and outraged by the fact that there are still laws that are preventing people from using one of the most popular and controversial, illegal substances in the world: marijuana. According to recent polls, fifty percent of Americans want marijuana to be completely legal and decriminalized (Blodget), and a whopping eighty percent of AmericansRead MoreEffects Of Marijuana On The Body1495 Words   |  6 PagesNumber: 2015009001 The Effects of Marijuana on the Body Marijuana is considered in popular culture to be a widely accepted mainstream recreational illegal drug used in the United States; its use comes with severe adverse side effects that are often overlooked. Long-Term use of marijuana sis shown to have negative effects on physical, mental, and environmental health. Studies have shown that in the United States, up to 20% of daily marijuana users become dependent (Marijuana and Lung Health) showingRead MoreThe Effects of Marijuana Essay1259 Words   |  6 Pagesthink smoking marijuana is cool. They might try it without knowing what it is or what affects is has on you. Once someone smokes it for the first time, they might keep doing it again and again and they could get hooked on it for life. People who use marijuana usually never use any other type of illegal drugs, but more than seven thousand five hundred people get arrested for using marijuana every year. There is a wide variety of marijuana, but they are all based off of two marijua na plants, IndicaRead MoreNegative Effects Of Marijuana1612 Words   |  7 Pages What is marijuana? What is it made of? Why is cannabis still illegal in certain states? Why does marijuana have so many names? Where do the names come from? What is the marijuana culture and how do they celebrate? How is marijuana beneficial? All these questions roaming through people’s mind. Cannabis is a green mixture of the dried, shredded leaves and flowers of Cannabis sativa. People usually smoke marijuana in hand-rolled cigarettes called joints or cigars called blunts, or in a pipe, orRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Marijuana861 Words   |  4 Pages Marijuana is sweeping the nation. How might this affect people’s everyday lives? Is the progression on legalization a good thing or a bad thing? In order to answer that, the people must first consider the health effects of the consumer and the economic effects of the nation. Marijuana could have both positive and negative effects on the health of the user and the economy. While marijuana does indeed have some health benefits, it also has many adverse health effects and can lead to severalRead MoreThe Harmuful Effects of Marijuana787 Words   |  3 Pages In 2006, A Drug Free Worlds The Harmful Effects of Marijuana† emerged in the media. ADFW reasons that marijuana is harmful in numerous ways, including cerebral damage and debilitation to the immune system. Throughout the article, they also try to persuade the reader that cannabis is a gateway drug that undoubtedly leads the users into much harder drugs. When reading this article, one must consider that research to support anything can be found if one searches hard enough, but without a doubtRead MoreEffect of Marijuana Essay1777 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract: In America Marijuana has been a topic of debate for many years. Many people of society and even the national government have expressed strong against the uses of marijuana. They view Marijuana as a drug that causes people to act against rules that has been set by society. However they fail to look at the positive benefits that can come from the uses of marijuana which actually have been proven by researchers to have positive benefits when it comes to the well being of peopleRead MoreNegative Effects Of Marijuana1903 Words   |  8 PagesAmong teens and adults marijuana is the number one drug used for medical and recreational use. Marijuana was not legalized by the states in the U.S. until recently, but it has been in use since the 1970’s. Although, marijuana has been legalized for only a couple of years, the issues of marijuana are becoming a larger epidemic. Many people have the misconceptions that marijuana will not have the same effects as other drugs or even such as tobacco, but after an abundance of research, scientist discovered

Simple as Possible Essay Example For Students

Simple as Possible Essay topic:Anyone can make things bigger and more complex.What requires realeffort and courage is to move in the opposite diretionin other words,tomake things as simple as possible. To make things simple means to have the profound understanding of the wholematter,to discriminate between essence and peripherals,and ultimately torefine piles of information and phenomenon into principles.For instance,ifnot for the theory of relativity,Einstein would not been venerated by thewhole world.The simple fomulation e=m(c^2)looking so easy andunderstandable ,however,is the very core of the theory ofrelativity.See,for every scintific system and classic principles,tens ofthousands of information,data,caculation,and phenomena lies behidethem.Faced with piles of such things,the great scientists who devoteprecious time and labor pick up the essence and damp the others.Just likesifting gold from mountains of sand.The gold is sifted principles and thesand is the phenomena, however,the process of systematical is never a easyjob. More surprising is that simplication even requires courage and patience aswell.At least three facts are involves.Firstly the diversifiedideas,phenomenon, information,data and presumptions all togother will be anightmare to one who attempts to work out something clear and logical. Secondly,not every one facing so many such things is confident enough togarantee gold could be sifted out. The more challege is that whoprepareto simply things are always in risk of total lose, because any newdiscovery conflicting their theory,once testified,will probally nullifytheir efforts.So,anyone who is will to devote to the process ofsimplification not only needs the talence,but also courage and patience. As we all know,to make things as simple as possible is veryimportant.However,it is not always the case.Sometimes we DO NEED to makethings bigger and more complex.For instance,to build up a database incomputer,such as the national demographic database,it should be as thoroughand complete as possible.The bigger the database is,the more helpful willit be.At the same time,the design of the stuctrue of the database should beas simple as possible.The function of software developed to utilize thedatabase should be as complex and versatile as possible,since everyoperator would expect it to be as easy as possible to use. Every ramification of science and technology is similar to that procedureof the example above.The first step is to accumulate as much observation aspossible with endeavors,and then with hard working of reasoning,maybeadding a little inspiration.Laws and rules are often found in this way.Soboth simplification and complexing are invovled in the process.The latteris also worthy attention. To sum up,in this era of rapid development of industry and computer,so muchinformation rashes into our daily life,reseach field and so on.We shouldhave the ability of simplification.And the precondition lies in that wehave ability of complexing,which is the fundmental base of simplification.

Piaget Essays - Child Development, Cognitive Psychology,

Piaget Mark Shaffer 2/29/00 Jean Piaget Jean Piaget grew up in a quiet region of French Switzerland. His father was a professor and his mother was a Calvinist. In 1918 Piaget earned a doctorate in zoology and started studying psychoanalysis. In 1920 he moved to Paris to study children's intelligence. He was fascinated with the way a child's mind works. He moved back to Switzerland to watch and observe children. Piaget did not think of children as being wrong, he thought of them as thinking in a different way. (www.pathfinder.com/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html) Piaget was a constructivist. He believed that knowledge was not preformed and it was always being constructed and developed with interaction with reality. (www.pathfinder.com/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html) He also found that a child's logic and ways of thinking are different from adults. His research centered around one question: how does knowledge grow? The way he answered it was, ?the growth of knowledge is a progressive construction of logically embedded structures superseding one another by a process of inclusion of lower less powerful logical means into higher and more powerful ones up to adulthood. (www.unige.ch/piaget/biog.html) He called this study of the development of knowledge genetic epistemology. He said that everyone, no-matter how young or old, has skills that help him or her gain knowledge. He called these skills schemas. (www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/piaget.html) Piaget had four basic stages in his developmental theory. First is the sensorimotor stage. This stage lasts from birth to about two years old. The infant uses his five senses and his motor ability to understand the world and to develop skills or schemas. Before the end of this stage the child is able to pretend and has mental representation of objects. (www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/piaget.html) Piaget's second stage was called the preoperational stage. This lasts from about two to seven years old. In this stage the child develops the use of symbols. For example when a child sees the word dog he or she knows what that word stands for. They also develop an understanding of the past and future. While in this stage, the child sees things from one point of view. They think that everything happens or is there because of them. They might say that the carpet is soft so when they fall they won't get hurt. (www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/piaget.html) In the third stage, called concrete operations stage, the child begins to be able to classify. They will be able to put things in order from biggest to smallest or by color. They also develop the idea of conservation. This means that the child will be able to tell that quantity is the same no matter what shape it takes. For example when there are four marbles lined up and four scattered in another area the child will be able to tell that there is the same amount in both areas. The concrete operations stage lasts from about seven to eleven years of age. (www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/piaget.html) Piaget's last stage is the called formal operations stage, and starts at about twelve years old. This stage involves using logical operations in an abstract way. This is also referred to as hypothetical thinking. This stage involves things like the formation of a hypothesis and the elimination of a hypothesis to solve problems or questions. (www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/piaget.html) In physical education it is important to know how your children think. A physical educator can not make their lesson too complicated for the child to understand. This is especially true at the elementary level. If the child does not understand what is being taught then the child will not put forth any effort and may be turned off of physical activity. At the very beginning of a child's schooling he or she is still in the preoperational stage. Therefor it would not be a good idea to try to incorporate logic or the use of conservation into the lesson. A child at that age should be taught physical education in a way that will be easily understood. It should center on the use of symbols and basic physical skills such as running, jumping and throwing. Bibliography 1. www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/piaget.html 2. www.unique.ch/piaget/biog.html 3. www.pathfinder.com/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html

Essay Examples on Battle of the Somme Essay Example

Essay Examples on Battle of the Somme Paper 1st Essay Sample on Battle of the Somme The Battle of the Somme lasted from July 1916 to November 1916. It was easily one of the worst battles ever fought. This battle took place at the Somme River,which runs through Europe. The opposing armies fought in a line of trenches over 960 Kilometers long. The trenches stretched from the Belgian Coast to the Frontiers of Switzerland. Although trench warfare was looked highly upon both sides still relied on heavy infantry attacks. Many men were killed between the two opponents areas of territory known as No mans land. Later into the battle, allied forces decided to attack the Western, Eastern,and Italian fronts all at the same time, and the western region of the Somme was chosen for a French and British assault. These plans were destroyed by the German Supreme Commander. He seized control of the city Verdun with heavy artillery and infantry. The German Commander hoped that the French would try to regain control of the city so that he could kill all of their men and, as he said, Bleed France to death, and For the next few months both sides still battled and lost many battle in doing so. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Battle of the Somme specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Battle of the Somme specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Battle of the Somme specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The fighting kept going until British Commander Sir Douglas Haig told French armies to ease off of Verdun. The new British commander was planning to invade and destroy the enemy lines with a lot more men and a lot more weapons. He was confident that this plan would eliminate the entire enemy line and clear a path to new territory. When the time finally came one hundred thousand men came out of their trenches and stood shoulder to shoulder with their companions,with more the 20 kilograms of equipment, straight through No mans land and right up to the German guns and infantry. St. Johns Road was the trench were all the men were positioned. The soldiers had to run 230 kilometers just to reach their own front line. As they made their way to the German front they had to cross pre-cut British wire. 2nd Essay Sample on Battle of the Somme The aim of this report is to give an overview of the battle of the Somme, and judge the extent to which it can be seen as a success or failure for the allies. The main part will describe the aims and the hidden intensions of the allies. It will also evaluate how far their plans were realized and where they failed. The victories and the defeats of both antagonists will be extensively discussed. Figures and objective circumstances will be analyzed to prove to what extent the battle was decisive for the final outcome of the First World War. Most sources were taken from texts, history books and internet sites which were used as a main source. The battle of the Somme was a joint offensive planned and executed by both the French and British. The idea came from Joseph Joffre, the French Commander and was accepted by Sir Douglas Haig who later took over the operation. It was an attack with the hope to make some kind of territorial gain, and took place in hope to destroy German lines. The French army had been forced to ask help from the British because of their losses in Verdun. This almost lost battle in Verdun caused the French to lose many of their resources. The main aim of the Germans in Verdun was To Bleed France Dry.They chose Verdun because of its symbolic value. A symbol of being a strategic area, which has been fought on for many years between France and Prussia, later to become Germany. The battle of the Somme started on Saturday July the 1st 1916. Haigs strategy was to do eight days of bombing in order to destroy the German front line. He used twenty-seven divisions against the Germans but there were many losses because the bombardment had failed to penetrate the German underground bunkers. Since the Germans were underground, not much had happened to them, while the Allies thought they were going to be able to just Cross the trench area.

The Application and Benefits of Activity Massage

The Application and Benefits of Activity Massage Free Online Research Papers Activity Massage uses skilled manipulation of soft tissues and utilises a specific set of techniques to assist with body maintenance, recovery and prevention of problems. The beneficial effects of massage start with its positive influence on the muscular and soft tissues of the body, improving circulation of blood and lymph fluids. It is widely accepted that massage can help to speed up recovery in between training sessions and signpost potential stresses or injury as well as supporting faster rehabilitation to sustained injuries. It is not, however, purely a physical experience and massage may also provide a means of relaxation and stress relief, promoting mental well-being and stimulating the senses. Massage provides four complex bodily responses which work together to provide an effective and holistic complementary therapy for the client. These responses are discussed below: Mechanical: This response is the result of movement and pressure applied during massage onto the soft tissues. Lymphatic and venous circulation is stimulated and soft tissues can be stretched and manipulated. An example of this occurs when joint swelling (oedema) that has occurred through injury is manipulated using mechanical techniques to mobilise the fluids into the lymphatic system and thus reducing the swelling. A skilled therapist will use a variety of manual techniques to achieve the optimal result for a particular issue presented by each individual client. In addition to the personal ‘hands on’ approach there are also machines available that will emulate the effects of massage such as the G5 which comes with a variety of attachments to mimic different massage techniques. Physiological: This aspect of massage is the body’s reaction to the techniques used by the masseur. One of the typical physiological responses include erythema, in which the skin reddens as blood circulation to the area being massaged is increased. General stiffness of muscles and tension, muscle spasms and muscular-skeletal problems are may be decreased as tissue elasticity is enhanced. It can be noted that not everyone agrees on the physiological benefits of activity massage. One case study carried out by Hemmings et al argues that ‘despite massage being widely used by athletes, little scientific evidence exists to confirm the efficacy of massage for promoting both physiological (and psychological) recovery after exercise and massage effects on performance.’ Their findings seem to indicate that while massage remains a popular recovery technique its physiological benefits are still uncertain, further research is necessary to confirm the benefits from a scientific point of view. Neurological: The central nervous system is part of the communication system that connects the body to the brain and controls bodily movement. During massage messages are sent to the brain via the central nervous system. These can have either a calming or stimulating effect on the person’s state of mind depending on the type of massage, for example using fast repetitive techniques to create stimulus and slow rhythmic strokes to induce relaxation. The length of time that massage is given may also affect the neurological response. Psychological: This is the effect that massage can have on a recipient’s state of mind. Mills et al (2004) suggest that some of the psychological responses induced by massage include pain, anxiety and tension reduction, relaxation and stimulation and assistance with preparation for forthcoming challenges. An example of the latter would be an athlete receiving a stimulating massage before an event to help focus the mind and prepare the muscles for action in addition to normal warming-up procedures. Massage utilises a wide variety of techniques to provide an effective treatment tailored to the individual depending on their requirements. A therapist will take in account the specific purpose of the massage, i.e. whether it is to be a maintenance massage in-between training sessions, a pre-event warm-up or a post-event massage to check for injury and to relieve stresses, strains and possible build up of toxins in the muscles caused by exertion. The next part of the report will review four of the main basic techniques and explain how they are applied and their specific uses and benefits they can bring. Effleurage: Its core use is as a preparatory and concluding stroke but is also employed as a connecting stroke to maintain contact before changing onto another phase of the massage, usually a different kind of manipulation. It can be a soothing technique and is beneficial to connect the therapist to the client, thus establishing a level of trust that enables muscle relaxation and allowing for deeper techniques to work more effectively during the treatment. Effleurage can be sub-divided into two types – deep and superficial. Superficial effleurage consists of using both hands to perform a light stroking movement using evenly applied pressure that moulds to the contours of the body. It warms the skin and may induce relaxation. Due to its slightly firmer upward movements towards the heart it can stimulate lymphatic drainage and increase blood flow. Deep effleurage uses the same technical movement but the depth of pressure is greatly increased. It can also be performed at a faster rate to provide a more stimulating effect on both the body and the mind. Petrissage: Deriving from the French word petris which means ‘to knead’, petrissage aims to adjust the tension in the muscle, relieve spasms and reduce fatigue and is a detailed technique using a variety of hand movements to achieve the desired level of stimulation in relation to the needs of the client. The main types of petrissage are kneading, knuckling, wringing, broadening, pumping, skin rolling and thumb sliding. All parts of the hand can be used when performing petrissage and the skin being massaged can be lifted, pressed and rolled in many varied sequences. Pressure can be light or heavy depending on the area being massaged, for example greater care would be taken when working over bony areas as these are more sensitive to deeper treatment. Mitchell (1997) suggests that finger sensitivity in the massager can be improved by the giving of petrissage and this may have the effect of improving technique the more it is practised. Friction: There are numerous techniques for performing friction massage but the basic principle is that superficial tissues are rubbed against deeper tissues to generate heat and encourage elasticity. It is commonly used as a post-event therapy for it provides a deep tissue massage purported to relieve tired or sore muscles. Unlike other techniques it is most effective when used without a lubricant upon the skin as the treatment tends to be localised over a small area, typically less than 2cm of skin. The potential benefits of applied friction techniques include repair of injured tissues, breaking up of scar tissue and realigning of muscle fibres. The actual hand movements employed in this type of massage include pincer-like gripping between thumb and fingers and reinforced fingers or thumbs. Trigger Pointing: Trigger points are nodules in the muscle fibres that send out ‘referred’ pain to a different part of the body. An individual may have many trigger points throughout their body and this is known as myofacial pain syndrome. Trigger pointing is a massage therapy technique that was developed by Dr Janet Travell (1901-1997) who pioneered numerous techniques for dealing with chronic pain. It involves the application of pressure to a tender muscle tissue point in order to relieve pain and dysfunction to a ‘satellite’ area of pain elsewhere on the body. There are several techniques employed to evoke trigger point responses. A typical method involves finding a nodule then applying pressure upon it with the thumb or fingers until a pain level of 7 is reached by the client on a scale of 1-10, the area is then palpated for 1 – 2 minutes to ease the tenderness of the nodule. An example of its beneficial use would be on someone who has the me dical condition fibromyalgia. Sufferers of this have chronic myofacial pain and trigger point techniques have been shown to facilitate improvements in pain reduction. Vecchiet et al (1999) provide a full report of their findings on this subject and gives further reading to present the case for trigger pointing and its benefits. Its medicinal use in this instance also shows that it is not just in a sports environment that activity massage can be advantageous. In conclusion it can be said that while massage itself has been in existence for thousands of years across the globe as an aid to relaxation, its measurable benefits have remained ambiguous. It is only in recent years with the development of sophisticated scientific methods and resources to increase knowledge of the subject that the full range of benefits and effects, particularly in reference to activity or sports massage, can be assessed. It currently continues to manifest itself as a growth area in scientific and medical research and through general use and practice by professionals. References: Dyson, R. Graydon, J. Hemmings, B. Smith, M. (2000). Effects of Massage on Physiological Restoration, Perceived Recovery and Repeated Sports Performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine. Vol 34 (Issue 2), p109-114. Mills, R. Parker-Bennett, S. (2004). Defining Sports Massage. Sports Massage. p10 Mitchell, A. (1999). Petrissage. The Complete Illustrated Guide to Massage. p74. Vecchiet, L. Giamberardino, A.. (1999). Muscle Pain, Myofacial Pain and Fibromyalgia: Recent Advances. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. Vol 7 (Issue 1/2). 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Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 47

Ethics - Essay Example A closer look at the article; ‘the single solution to world poverty’ and ‘consider the lobster’ by Peter Singer and David Foster Wallace respectively can help to develop a conversation about ethics and further show how difficult the conversation can become. According to Singer, many human beings spend so much of their income on non-essential things that are not essential to their life survival or preservation of their health. The author contends that if money spent by people on non-essential things were to be donated to charity, it would imply the difference between life and death for children who are in need (Singer 1). The author believes that the consequences of human action should get used to determine what is right from wrong. I believe that Singer’s argument are justified, however, human beings are prone to desires and want more than what they just have. It is an innate feeling that brings satisfaction to their lives and to simply cut off one’s desire for luxury is quite difficult. In ‘consider the lobster’, David Foster Wallace appears to urge his audience to empathize with the lobsters that they eat. The author documents on the Maine Lobster festival by providing a glimpse of the events that take place, the lobsters that get served and where they can be found, and further details on the utensils that get used. His essay aims at asking people to consider how these lobsters get caught, prepared, and eventually served to the crowd (Wallace 4). He persuades people by graphically describing the process of preparing lobsters when boiling in hot water and how they appear to try to escape the heat. Wallace’s argument is quite valid. I believe that the basis of his argument should form the understanding of the debate on ethics.by providing consideration to the feelings of another human being or animal, can we base our decisions on what is right or